Hey Agathon.
I'm a shitty pilot. Here are some things I do to be less shitty.
1: Blackouts come from high G-forces from a single direction squishing and/or pushing too much blood to/from your brain. Try rolling 90 or 180 degrees (default q and e) or decoupling (default c) and changing your pitch if you see you're about to black out in the middle of a turn. It will push the blood the other direction and counter what you're dealing with. Another alternative is to slow down, turn, then speed back up. These both help me. I tend to use the slow down technique more if I'm near dense asteroid fields and the decoupling when I'm in the open and my direction of travel isn't something I have to worry about right away.
2: Going boom from other people shooting you happens when your shield protection fails. You have three options. First, don't get shot. Practice evasive maneuvers during free flights or drone Vanduul Swarm. This includes randomly speeding up or slowing down, changing your direction slightly on a random, but regular basis, and using available cover (asteroids). Second: you can use the controls (default is Numpad I believe) to boost power to the shields protecting the direction you are taking fire from. It's tough to get used to, but helps if you can manage it. Third: Spread the love. Roll or decouple (pitch/yaw) to change the orientation of your ship in relation to the ship shooting at you to spread the enemy fire between different directional shields. This can save you for a couple seconds or more, which might make the difference.
3: Going boom from inanimate objects happens, well, all the time. The best advice I can offer is to try to pay attention to the little square box on your ship UI (has a downward pointing triangel in the top middle). This indicator tells you which way you are going, i.e. which direction you will continue going if you cease all thrust. Sometimes you'll try to turn too sharp, and boom (see #1 slowdown then turn above) or you decouple and hit something. Try to be aware of where you are in space and where you're going. I've been practicing lately with decoupled Vanduul Swarm and it has helped me quite a bit.
That's really all I do, but by no means am I a pro. Hope it helps.