So to make it more clear because I realize I omitted a diagram to show what happens when you overclock beyond a stable threshold. So this happens:
The voltage transition from low to high does not complete before the end of the cycle, and it doesn't reach to the recognizable ON (Vcc) threshold, and there you have your errors that start showing up as artifacts, freezes, etc. (or wrong results if you run something like Intel Burn Test).
That is why you increase the voltage. To "push" the transition to a higher level faster, but that will increase temperatures and the increased temperature will increase resistance, making the transition harder, thus requiring more voltage, which will in turn produce more heat, which will in turn produce even higher resistance increasing the transition curve further, and so on and so forth...